Reporting with passive verbs

REPORTING WITH PASSIVE VErbs

IT IS SAID THAT...

A.      Kita sering menggunakan kalimat passive untuk melaporkan apa yang orang katakan, pikirkan khususnya jika orang yang sedang dilaporkan itu tidak begitu penting untuk disebutkan.

□ People in the area have been told that they should stay indoors.

□ Everyone was asked to bring some food to the party.

Pembahasan: dua kalimat passive di atas tidak menyertakan agent(pelaku dalam kalimat active dari kalimat passive di atas) karena dirasa tidak penting.

B.      Cara lain untuk melaporkan ap yang dibicarakan oleh sekelompok orang yang tidak spesifik dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan pola: it + passive verb + that clause. Pola detailnya adalah:

B1. It + is/has been/ was + reporting verb III + that + Subject + Verb(sesuai tenses) + Object. Keterangan: reporting verb III : istilah ini merujuk pada kata-kata kerja yang berfungsi untuk melaporkan, seperti: report, allege(menyangka), say, estimate(: memperkirakan) dan lain-lain. Contoh:

□ It is reported that the damage is extensive. (bandingkan dengan The damage is extensive, according to government sources.)

□ It has been acknowledged that underfunding contributed to the problem

□ It was decided that the meeting should be cancelled. (atau It was decided to cancel the meeting.)

Kata kerja reporting lainnya yang bisa digunakan dalam rumus ini adalah:

Allege, announce, assume, believe, calculate, claim, consider, demonstrate, discover, establish, estimate, expect, feel, find, know, mention, recommend, reveal, say, show, suggest, suppose, think, understand.

 

Ada juga beberapa kata kerja reporting yang bisa digunakan dengan pola diatas dan juga dalam pola seperti:

B2. It + is/has been/was + reporting verb III + to infinitive

Kata kerja reporting �tersebut yaitu: agree, decide, hope, intend, plan, and propose.

Contoh:

□ It was decided to cancel the meeting.

□ it is agreed to send in troops to that area of conflict.

 

Perlu diketahui ada beberapa kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan reporting verbs yang tidak digunakan dengan rumus It +passive verb+ that clause, namun bisa digunakan dalam pola point A(paling atas) yaitu: encourage, inform, persuade, reassure, remind, tell, warn.

Cth:

□ We have been informed that we have to leave. (tapi bukan It has informed that...)

 

C.      Sebagai alternatif dari pola It + passive verb + that clause, ada juga pola seperti:

Subject + passive verb(sesuai tenses) + to infinitive. Pola ini digunakan bila kita ingin subject�� kalimat menjadi topik dari kalimat tersebut.

Bandingkan:

□ It is reported that the damage is extensive. dengan

□ The damage is reported to be extensive.

 

□ It has been acknowledged that underfunding contributed to the problem. dengan

□ Underfunding has been acknowledged to have contributed to the problem.

 

Kata kata kerja yang ada pada bagian B bisa digunakan dalam pola ini kecuali announce, decide, mention, propose, recommend, suggest.

 

Kita hanya bisa menggunakan tell dalam pola ini bila artinya adalah memerintah bukan menyatakan

□ I was told (=diperintahkan)to go with them to the railway station.

Bukannya

□ The accident was told (=dinyatakan) to have happened just after midnight.�

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

List of idioms from A to C

A Chip on Your Shoulder:
Being angry about something that happened in the past; a grudge.

A Dime a Dozen:
When something is extremely common and simple to acquire.

A Fool and His Money are Soon Parted:
It's easy for someone acting foolish to lose his/her money through carelessness or by being tricked.

A Piece of Cake:
A task that is simple to complete; similar to the common phrase "as easy as pie."

An Arm and a Leg:
Something that is extremely expensive; an idiom meaning the price paid was costly, excessively so.

All Greek To Me:
When something is incomprehensible due to complexity.

Back to Square One:
To go back to the beginning; a popular saying that suggests a person has to start over.

Back To the Drawing Board:
Similar to the phrase above, it means starting over again from a previously failed attempt.

Barking Up The Wrong Tree:
To make a wrong assumption about something.

Beating Around the Bush:
Avoiding the main point; a common phrase meaning a person is failing to get to the bottom line.

Beating a Dead Horse:
Something that is seen as futile; a popular saying used to describe how bringing up older issues that have already been resolved is pointless.

Between a Rock and a Hard Place:
Being faced with two difficult choices; a dilemma.

Break The Ice:
Breaking down a social stiffness or awkardness.

Close But No Cigar:
Coming close to a successful outcome only to fall short at the end.

Cup Of Joe:
A cup of joe is an American nickname for a cup of coffee.

Curiosity Killed The Cat:
An idiom meaning mind your own business, as too much poking and prodding could lead to harm.

Cry Over Spilt Milk:
One shouldn't worry over things that have already happenend and that cannot be changed.

Cut To The Chase:
To get to the point, leaving out all of the unnecessary details. Similar to popular sayings like "beating around the bush."

Cut The Mustard:
Meeting expectations; used as a way to describe how someoneone has met the required standards that were set.

Cry Wolf:
Lying; a common phrase meaning someone is calling for help when it's not really needed.

To be continued...

ARTICLES WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

OoHI sobat and semua English lovers. Ini hari saya mau sedikit yg saya pernah baca mengenai penggunaan article(kata sandang) the/a/an dengan countable dan uncountable nouns. Ini adalah sambungan dari postingan terdahulu tentang article

Perhatikan kalimat A da
n B dibawah ini. Anda akan tahu mengapa B benar dan A salah.

1A This ring is made of a platinum. (salah)
1B This ring is made of platinum. (Benar)
2A Grandma gave me brass candlestick.
2B Grandma gave me a brass candlestick.
3A Money on the table is yours.
3B The money on the table is yours.

PENJELASAN
1. a/an + countable nouns. (Benar)
A/An + uncountable nouns. (Salah)
Examples:
I do not take sugar in my tea.
He buys gold as a form of investment.

Ingat:
Uncountable nouns (kata benda yg tidak bisa dihitung satu per satu) tidak mempunyai bentuk jamak
Examples:
Sugar.                            V
Five sugars.                   X
Five packets of sugar.   V
ket: V ( benar)
X ( salah)
Dalam frasa terakhir yang jamak adalah packets bukan sugar nya.
Dibwah ini adalah contoh uncountable nouns:

A) barely, vinegar (food)
B) cholera, influenza (illness)
C) platinum, steel (metals)
D) gratitude, unemployment ( feelings, situations)
E) equipment, furniture (things)

Pengecualian:  a fever ; a cold

2.  Kita menggunakan a atau an dalam kalimat dengan cara~cara di bawah ini:
A) a/an + countable noun + of + uncountable noun
Example:
The divers found a pot of gold in the sunken merchant ship.
B) a/an + uncountable yang digunakan sebagai adjective + countable noun
Example:

Dad gave Mum a gold bracelet for her birthday.

3. Kita menggunakan the dengan uncountable nouns jika hal/ benda yg sedang dibicarakan/dirujuk sudah jelas dan diketahui oleh si lawan bicara/pembaca. The tidak digunakan dengan uncountable nouns apabila kita berbicara tentang suatu benda secara umun.
Examples:
Money cannot buy happiness.

The money in my wallet will be enough.

Traffic is heavier during the morning rush our. (GENERAL STATEMENT: PERNYATAAN UMUN)

The traffic along Sudirmman Road is very heavy today.

PRACTICE A
Circle the correct articles or - (no article) to complete the passage.

Sukiyaki 1 (a/an) Japanese dish of (the/ -) beef, 3 ( a/-) tofu, 4 (the/-)mushrooms and 5 ( the / - ) vegetables. 6 (The/ - ) beef is sliced before cooking. Sukiyaki is cooked in 7 ( a/an/ -) iron pot over 8 (a /the / - ) charcoal fire. 9 (A/-) soya sauce and 10 (the / -) sugar are used to give it flavour.

PRACTICE B

Tick the correct sentences.

1. There was an epidemic in this town some years ago.
2. There is a unity among the people in this neighbourhood.
3. The children sat around table and had their lunch.
4. There is a cooperation between the manager and his workers.
5. He realised the importance of exercising regularly after his illness.
6. She bought silver cutlery set from King's Department Store.
7. I need kilo of flour for this chocolate cake recipe.
8. Leela gave me some advice on how to study effectively and it was sound.
9. Look! That child is in danger of being swept away by the river.
10. Everyone laughed when they heard what the little girl said.

Articles A/An/The

English Grammar Lessons (delivered in Bahasa Indonesia) Modified by catatanEnglishku.blogspot.com

Article ‘A’/’An’ and ‘The’ with Adjectives and Singular Nouns

Lihatlah beberapa contoh kalimat dibawah ini. Perhatikan mana yang benar dan yang salah secara gramatikal.

1A. That was a enjoyable movie. (salah)

1B. That was an enjoyable movie. (benar)

2A. She spoke to a teacher at school about her child’s progress. A teacher was very helpful and informative. (salah)

2B. She spoke to a teacher at school about her child’s progress. The teacher was very helpful and informative. (benar)

3A. I’ll take you to a train station. (salah)

3B. I’ll take you to the train station (benar)

4A. Manager of this company is Mr. Marpaung. (salah)

4B. The manager of this company is Mr. Marpaung. (benar)

Mengapa?

1.       Orang Inggris menggunakan a dengan adjectives (kata sifat) dan singular nouns( kata benda tunggal) yang huruf pertamanya bersuara/dibaca dengan suara konsonan.

Contoh: a room. (r- bersuara konsonan)

a bright room .(b –bersuara konsonan). Bright (adjective) room (singular noun)

an air-conditioned room. (a-bersuara vokal atau huruf hidup: a,i,u,e,o). air-conditioned (adjective). Room (singular noun)

a university. (y-bersuara konsonan karena dibaca /ˌjuː.nɪˈvɜː.sɪ.ti/  atau yunivɜ:rsiti)

catatan: tidak semua nouns dan adjectives yang diawali dengan huruf konsonan bersuara / dibaca dengan huruf konsonan juga, cth: an hour (betul) ; a hour (salah) karena hour dibaca auər jadi suara huruf pertamanya adalah a bukan h)

2.       Orang Inggris menggunakan a atau an ketika mereka berbicara mengenai seorang manusia, seekor binatang, sebuah benda, tumbuhan ataupun suatu tempat untuk pertama kalinya. Jadi bila mereka menyebut seseorang atau sesuatu untuk pertama kalinya dalam percakapan kita menggunakan a/an. A / An juga dapat diterjemahkan sebagai seekor, seorang, sebuah, dan suatu menurut konteksnya. Namun kalau mereka sudah menyebut untuk kedua kalinya maka article the yang digunakan.

Contoh:

 He went for an interview at the law firm this morning. The interview lasted two hours.

We phoned for a taxi to take us to the airport. The taxi came in about 10 minutes.

3.       Orang Inggris menggunakan the di depan seseorang, suatu tempat, sebuah benda atau seekor binatang yang sudah dikenali atau diketahui oleh pendengar atau pembaca. Maksudnya lawan bicaranya sudah tahu benda, orang, binatang atau tempat yang dimaksud oleh pembicara. Cth:

The postman brought you a parcel this morning.(postman nya merupakan orang yang dikenal kedua pembicara)

The teacher is late today. (teacher yang ditunggu oleh si pembicara dan lawan bicara sudah tahu teacher mana yang dimaksud.)

4.       Orang Inggris menggunakan the jika seseorang, seekor binatang, suatu tempat, sebuah benda/hal yang dimaksud sudah jelas karena ada kata atau frasa penjelas sehingga jelaslah bagi si lawan bicara, benda, orang, binatang, tempat ataupun hal mana yang dimaksud oleh si pembicara. Cth:

Peter married the girl next door. Frasa next door menjelaskan girl mana yang dinikahi si Peter maka the harus digunakan di depan kata girl.

 Robert lives in the apartment above mine. ( above mine memperjelas apartment mana yang dimaksud si pembicara)

Practice A Underline the correct articles to complete the paragraphs.

1 (A/An) speedometer is 2 (a/an) instrument which tells us 3 (a/the) speed at which 4 (a/the) vehicle is moving. 5 (A/An) odometer tells us how far it has travelled.

When 6 (a/an) octopus senses danger, it produces 7 (an/the) inky substance. 8 (A/The) substance serves as 9 (a/the) screen. It prevents 10 (a/an) possible attacker from spotting 11 (a/the) octopus.

Practice B Choose the correct articles to complete the sentences.

1.       I know (a/the) footballer on Sam’s right.

2.       (A/The) chairman of that company resigned yesterday.

3.       Please take (an/the) injured passanger to (an/the) hospital immediately.

4.       There is (a/an) magnificent hotel near the lake. (A/An/The) hotel is a hundred years old.

5.       (An/The) elephant eating sugar cane is Elmo. (An/The) elephant next to him is Jumo.

6.       (A/The) representative from Bolivia is (an/the) excellent speaker.

Practice C fill in the blanks with a/an/the

A: I need to make (1) ______appointment with my dentist.

B: Why don’t you use my phone?

A: Thank you. (pause) Oh dear, I can hear (2)______engaged tone. I’ll try again later.

B: Which dentist do you go to?

A: I go to (3) ____ one next to (4)______supermarket on Sisingamangaraja Street.

B: Is he (5) ____ good dentist?

A: He is ____excellent dentist! You hardly feel any pain when he pulls out (7)___tooth or does (8) ___filling.

B:   My grandmother needs to have her teeth checked. Could I have (9) _____ telephone number of your dentist?

A: Of course. It is 081370461947

B: Err... could you repeat (10) ___the number, please?

A: 081370461947.